Built-in Functions¶

I/O¶

Function	Description
`write(...)`	Print one or more values to stdout, separated by spaces
`listen(prompt)`	Print `prompt` and read a line from stdin. Numbers are auto-converted

write("hello")              # hello
write(1, 2, 3)              # 1 2 3
name = listen("Name: ")

Type inspection¶

Function	Description	Example
`typeof(value)`	Returns the type name as a string	`typeof(42)` → `"int"`
`instanceof(obj, Class)`	True if obj is an instance of Class or a subclass	`instanceof(d, Animal)` → `true`

Type casting¶

Function	Description
`to_int(v)`	Convert to integer (truncates floats, parses strings)
`to_float(v)`	Convert to float
`to_str(v)`	Convert to string
`to_bool(v)`	Convert to boolean
`to_num(v)`	Convert string to int or float (auto-detects)

Raises CastFault if the conversion is not possible.

to_int(3.9)      # 3
to_int("42")     # 42
to_float("2.5")  # 2.5
to_str(true)     # "true"
to_bool(0)       # false
to_bool("")      # false
to_num("10")     # 10
to_num("3.14")   # 3.14

Math¶

Function	Description	Example
`abs(x)`	Absolute value	`abs(-7)` → `7`
`sqrt(x)`	Square root	`sqrt(16)` → `4.0`
`floor(x)`	Round down to integer	`floor(3.9)` → `3`
`ceil(x)`	Round up to integer	`ceil(3.1)` → `4`
`round(x, digits?)`	Round to N decimal places (default 0)	`round(3.567, 2)` → `3.57`
`clamp(x, low, high)`	Force x into the range [low, high]	`clamp(15, 0, 10)` → `10`
`max(a, b, ...)`	Maximum of values or a list	`max(3, 8, 2)` → `8`
`min(a, b, ...)`	Minimum of values or a list	`min([5, 1, 9])` → `1`
`sign(x)`	Returns -1, 0, or 1	`sign(-5)` → `-1`
`odd(x)`	True if x is odd	`odd(3)` → `true`
`even(x)`	True if x is even	`even(4)` → `true`

Lists¶

Function	Description
`len(list)`	Number of elements
`append(list, value)`	Add element to the end (modifies in place)
`pop(list)`	Remove and return the last element
`pop(list, index)`	Remove and return the element at index

nums = [10, 20, 30]
append(nums, 40)
write(len(nums))      # 4
write(pop(nums))      # 40
write(pop(nums, 0))   # 10

Dictionaries¶

Function	Description
`len(dict)`	Number of key-value pairs
`keys(dict)`	Returns a list of all keys
`values(dict)`	Returns a list of all values
`remove(dict, key)`	Remove key and return its value

d = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
write(keys(d))         # ["a", "b"]
write(values(d))       # [1, 2]
write(remove(d, "a"))  # 1

Strings¶

Function	Description	Example
`len(s)`	String length	`len("hi")` → `2`
`trim(s)`	Remove surrounding whitespace	`trim(" hi ")` → `"hi"`
`uppercase(s)`	Convert to uppercase	`uppercase("hi")` → `"HI"`
`lowercase(s)`	Convert to lowercase	`lowercase("HI")` → `"hi"`
`swap(s, old, new)`	Replace all occurrences of `old` with `new`	`swap("aXb", "X", "-")` → `"a-b"`
`split(s, sep?)`	Split into list (default sep: whitespace)	`split("a,b", ",")` → `["a","b"]`
`join(sep, list)`	Join list into a string	`join("-", ["a","b"])` → `"a-b"`
`contains(s, sub)`	True if `sub` is in `s`	`contains("hello", "ell")` → `true`
`begins(s, prefix)`	True if `s` starts with `prefix`	`begins("hello", "he")` → `true`
`ends(s, suffix)`	True if `s` ends with `suffix`	`ends("hello", "lo")` → `true`
`find(s, sub)`	Index of first occurrence, `-1` if not found	`find("hello", "ll")` → `2`
`count(s, sub)`	Count occurrences of `sub` in `s`	`count("banana", "a")` → `3`